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Latest sampling
Last week of March 2025
In Belgium, the wastewater surveillance program allows to monitor the consumption of several illicit drugs (cocaine, crack, MDMA, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ketamine, 3-MMC and 4-MMC). The surveillance program is performed annually and aligns with the European SCORE action that is coordinated by the European Union Drugs Agency. During 7 consecutive days in spring, daily influent wastewater samples are collected from 17 wastewater treatment plants spread across the three regions of Belgium, mainly in densely populated areas. The exact days are carefully selected to provide a snapshot of everyday life; a period without public or school holidays or other confounding events.
The samples are tested for the presence of biomarkers of use for the earlier mentioned illicit drugs in collaboration with the Toxicological Center of the University of Antwerp. These biomarkers are substances that form in the body as it processes and breaks down the illicit drugs. By measuring their concentration in influent wastewater and taking into account the number of people that are covered by the wastewater treatment plant, an estimate of the population’s drug consumption (population-normalized mass loads, expressed in mg/day/1000 inhabitants) can be calculated. A more in-depth analysis of the results and detailed information on the methodology are available in a separate report on Sciensano’s website. The full dataset is accessible through the federal geoportal.
In Belgium, the wastewater surveillance program allows to monitor the consumption of several illicit drugs (cocaine, crack, MDMA, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ketamine, 3-MMC and 4-MMC). The surveillance program is performed annually and aligns with the European SCORE action that is coordinated by the European Union Drugs Agency. During 7 consecutive days in spring, daily influent wastewater samples are collected from 17 wastewater treatment plants spread across the three regions of Belgium, mainly in densely populated areas. The exact days are carefully selected to provide a snapshot of everyday life; a period without public or school holidays or other confounding events.
The samples are tested for the presence of biomarkers of use for the earlier mentioned illicit drugs in collaboration with the Toxicological Center of the University of Antwerp. These biomarkers are substances that form in the body as it processes and breaks down the illicit drugs. By measuring their concentration in influent wastewater and taking into account the number of people that are covered by the wastewater treatment plant, an estimate of the population’s drug consumption (population-normalized mass loads, expressed in mg/day/1000 inhabitants) can be calculated. A more in-depth analysis of the results and detailed information on the methodology are available in a separate report on Sciensano’s website. The full dataset is accessible through the federal geoportal.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of cocaine during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of cocaine during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of cocaine for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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Cocaine is the second most used illicit substance, next to cannabis, and the most used stimulant drug amongst the general population. The 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign confirms its widespread availability across the entire country. The highest detections typically occurred during the weekend, suggesting cocaine use is linked to recreational settings.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of crack during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of crack during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of crack for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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Crack cocaine use has been detected in just over half of the included wastewater treatment plants. There was no significant difference in the measurements between each of the regions (Brussels Capital Region, Flanders, Wallonia). In contrast to cocaine use in general, no difference between weekend and weekday use was observed, suggesting crack cocaine is typically used on a more regular basis.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of MDMA during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of MDMA during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of MDMA for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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MDMA, also known as xtc, is one of the most commonly used drugs in nightlife settings. The 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign confirms its widespread availability across the entire country, although measurements for Walloon wastewater treatment plants were typically lower compared to those in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region. The highest detections generally occurred on Sunday and Monday, reflecting its use in a recreational context.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of amphetamine during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of amphetamine during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of amphetamine for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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Despite a generally lower use of amphetamine in the general population compared to other stimulant drugs such as cocaine and MDMA, amphetamine was found in samples from all included wastewater treatment plants. The highest overall values were typically found for the Flemish plants, the lowest for the Walloon ones. No significant difference was found between weekend and weekday use, suggesting amphetamine tends to be used on a more regular basis.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of methamphetamine during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of methamphetamine during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of methamphetamine for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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The 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign highlights methamphetamine’s rather limited use in Belgium. No samples from Walloon wastewater treatment plants tested positive for methamphetamine biomarkers. There was no indication of a significant higher use of the drug on a particular day or in the weekend.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of ketamine during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of ketamine during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of ketamine for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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The 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign highlight ketamine’s widespread availability across the country, with no significant differences between the regions (Brussels Capital Region, Flanders, Wallonia). The data also do not suggest a higher use during the weekend, or on any particular day. Other data sources have linked ketamine to nightlife settings.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of 3-MMC during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of 3-MMC during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of 3-MMC for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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3-MMC and 4-MMC (mephedrone) belong to the synthetic cathinones, a diverse and rapidly growing class of stimulant drugs with similar effects to amphetamine. Their apparent popularity in Belgium could not be confirmed by the 2025 wastewater data; 3-MMC was not detected in any of the wastewater treatment plants, 4-MMC only in those of Gent and Harelbeke. A likely explanation is the mis-sale of 2-MMC and other cathinones as 3- or 4-MMC, posing an additional health risk to the people who use the drugs.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of 4-MMC during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of 4-MMC during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of 4-MMC for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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3-MMC and 4-MMC (mephedrone) belong to the synthetic cathinones, a diverse and rapidly growing class of stimulant drugs with similar effects to amphetamine. Their apparent popularity in Belgium could not be confirmed by the 2025 wastewater data; 3-MMC was not detected in any of the wastewater treatment plants, 4-MMC only in those of Gent and Harelbeke. A likely explanation is the mis-sale of 2-MMC and other cathinones as 3- or 4-MMC, posing an additional health risk to the people who use the drugs.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of cocaine during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of cocaine during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of cocaine for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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Cocaine is the second most used illicit substance, next to cannabis, and the most used stimulant drug amongst the general population. The 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign confirms its widespread availability across the entire country. The highest detections typically occurred during the weekend, suggesting cocaine use is linked to recreational settings.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of crack during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of crack during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of crack for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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Crack cocaine use has been detected in just over half of the included wastewater treatment plants. There was no significant difference in the measurements between each of the regions (Brussels Capital Region, Flanders, Wallonia). In contrast to cocaine use in general, no difference between weekend and weekday use was observed, suggesting crack cocaine is typically used on a more regular basis.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of MDMA during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of MDMA during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of MDMA for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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MDMA, also known as xtc, is one of the most commonly used drugs in nightlife settings. The 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign confirms its widespread availability across the entire country, although measurements for Walloon wastewater treatment plants were typically lower compared to those in Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region. The highest detections generally occurred on Sunday and Monday, reflecting its use in a recreational context.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of amphetamine during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of amphetamine during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of amphetamine for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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Despite a generally lower use of amphetamine in the general population compared to other stimulant drugs such as cocaine and MDMA, amphetamine was found in samples from all included wastewater treatment plants. The highest overall values were typically found for the Flemish plants, the lowest for the Walloon ones. No significant difference was found between weekend and weekday use, suggesting amphetamine tends to be used on a more regular basis.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of methamphetamine during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of methamphetamine during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of methamphetamine for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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The 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign highlights methamphetamine’s rather limited use in Belgium. No samples from Walloon wastewater treatment plants tested positive for methamphetamine biomarkers. There was no indication of a significant higher use of the drug on a particular day or in the weekend.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of ketamine during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of ketamine during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of ketamine for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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The 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign highlight ketamine’s widespread availability across the country, with no significant differences between the regions (Brussels Capital Region, Flanders, Wallonia). The data also do not suggest a higher use during the weekend, or on any particular day. Other data sources have linked ketamine to nightlife settings.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of 3-MMC during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of 3-MMC during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of 3-MMC for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
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3-MMC and 4-MMC (mephedrone) belong to the synthetic cathinones, a diverse and rapidly growing class of stimulant drugs with similar effects to amphetamine. Their apparent popularity in Belgium could not be confirmed by the 2025 wastewater data; 3-MMC was not detected in any of the wastewater treatment plants, 4-MMC only in those of Gent and Harelbeke. A likely explanation is the mis-sale of 2-MMC and other cathinones as 3- or 4-MMC, posing an additional health risk to the people who use the drugs.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
Interactive geographical overview
Select a layer and then choose any geographical area on the map to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of 4-MMC during the monitoring in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
The colours of the geographical areas depends on the PNML means of the monitoring week in March 2025.
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Plant PNML evolution
Select a geographical area in the dropdown list to display the corresponding plot showing the evolution of 4-MMC during the monitoring in March 2025 and to highlight the area on the map.
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Select a year in the dropdown list to display the one-week monitorings of the previous years. Select “All” to display the mean evolution by year.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
National PNML mean in 2025
Overview of the means of 4-MMC for the monitoring week conducted in March 2025.
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
PNML represents the population-normalized mass load. This value takes into account the populations served by the plants and is expressed in daily amounts per thousand inhabitants (mg/day/1000 inhabitants).
Loading...
3-MMC and 4-MMC (mephedrone) belong to the synthetic cathinones, a diverse and rapidly growing class of stimulant drugs with similar effects to amphetamine. Their apparent popularity in Belgium could not be confirmed by the 2025 wastewater data; 3-MMC was not detected in any of the wastewater treatment plants, 4-MMC only in those of Gent and Harelbeke. A likely explanation is the mis-sale of 2-MMC and other cathinones as 3- or 4-MMC, posing an additional health risk to the people who use the drugs.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
A more in-depth analysis and comparison of the findings with those of other data sources/studies can be found in the dedicated report of the 2025 wastewater monitoring campaign.
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